تحلیل عددی تأثیر افزایش ابعاد زهکش بر کنترل تراوش سد خاکی آغ‌چای

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران.

3 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده فنی‌ و مهندسی، دانشگاه شهیدمدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران.

4 کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی ژئوتکنیک، گروه عمران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

سدهای خاکی به‌عنوان زیرساخت‌های حیاتی در مدیریت منابع آب، همواره با چالش تراوش مواجه هستند که براساس گزارش‌های ICOLD، عامل بیش از ۳۵ درصد خرابی‌هاست. این پژوهش با مدل‌سازی عددی المان محدود، به تحلیل تأثیر افزایش ۱۰ درصدی ابعاد زهکش‌های افقی و قائم بر کنترل تراوش در سد خاکی آغ‌چای (ارتفاع ۱۰۸ متر، هسته رسی مرکزی، آذربایجان غربی) می‌پردازد. با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SEEP/W، شبکه‌ای شامل 45.28 المان کوادریتیک ساخته و با داده‌های ۳۶ ماهه ابزاردقیق اعتبارسنجی شد (R²= 0.958). چارچوب تحلیلی با ادغام تحلیل حساسیت، شبیه‌سازی سه‌بعدی در PLAXIS 3D، ارزیابی جریان گذرا در سناریوهای بحرانی و کمی‌سازی عدم‌قطعیت به‌روش مونت‌کارلو، بهینه‌سازی کارایی زهکشی را میسر ساخته است. نتایج نشان‌دهنده افزایش ۲۲ درصدی دبی تراوش (از 0.018 به 0.022 مترمکعب بر ثانیه)، کاهش 0.31 درصدی حداکثر فشار آب منفذی هسته (از 668.9 به 666.8 کیلوپاسکال)، افت 8.57 درصدی گرادیان هیدرولیکی خروج (از 0.35 به 0.32) و بهبود 2.11 درصدی ضریب اطمینان پایداری شیب پایین‌دست بر مبنای روش بیشاپ (از 1.42 به 1.45) است. این بهینه‌سازی ضمن کاهش ۹۱ درصدی ریسک فرسایش داخلی، صرفه‌جویی ۸۰ درصدی در هزینه‌های نگهداری و ۲۰ درصدی در هزینه‌های عملیاتی را به همراه دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Numerical Analysis and Optimization of Drainage System in Agh-Chay Earth Dam

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ebrahim Asadi 1
  • Tohid Omidpour Alavian, 2
  • Mahdi Soltani Sotobadi 3
  • Farzad Ghafarzadeh Arefi 4
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
2 Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.
3 Master Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
4 Master of Science in Geotechnical Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Earth dams, as critical infrastructures in water resources management, consistently face the challenge of seepage, which according to ICOLD reports accounts for over 35% of failures. This study employs finite element numerical modeling to analyze the effect of a 10% increase in the dimensions of horizontal and vertical drains on seepage control in the Aghchay earth dam (height 108 m, central clay core, West Azerbaijan, Iran). Using SEEP/W software, a mesh consisting of 45.28 quadratic elements was constructed and validated against 36 months of instrumentation data (R²= 0.958). The analytical framework, by integrating sensitivity analysis, three-dimensional simulations in PLAXIS 3D, transient flow assessment under critical scenarios, and uncertainty quantification via the Monte Carlo method, enables optimization of drainage efficiency. Results indicate a 22% increase in seepage discharge (from 0.018 to 0.022 m³/s), a 0.31% reduction in maximum pore water pressure within the core (from 668.9 to 666.8 kPa), an 8.57% decrease in exit hydraulic gradient (from 0.35 to 0.32), and a 2.11% improvement in the downstream slope stability factor of safety based on the Bishop method (from 1.42 to 1.45). This optimization not only reduces internal erosion risk by 91%, but also achieves 80% savings in maintenance costs and 20% savings in operational costs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Earth dam
  • Seepage flow
  • Drain
  • Numerical modeling
  • Pore water pressure
  • Total head
  • Stability
  • Optimization
  • Agh-Chay earth dam

مراجع

[1] Zali N, Molaei Hashjin N, Taghizadeh S. Regional Planning Approach to Protect Surrounding Towns and Villages in the Event of Dam Break: Case Study of AghChay Dam. Natural Hazards Review. 2021 Nov 1;22(4):05021013. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE) NH.1527-6996.0000503
[2] Parsaie A, Avazpour F, Afaridegan E. Numerical modeling of optimal location of drainage and cutoff wall under small concrete dams. Applied Water Science. 2025 Apr;15(4):76. doi: 10.1007/s13201-025-02422-4
[3] Ghiasi V, Heydari F, Behzadinezhad H. Numerical analysis and back calculation for embankment dam based on monitoring results (Case study: Iran-Lurestan Rudbar). Scientia Iranica. 2021 Oct 1;28(5):2519-33. doi: 10.24200/SCI.2021.56159.4579
[4] Kalateh F, Kheiry M. Uncertainty analysis in the simulation of effective seepage flow through earth dams with the Monte Carlo algorithm and machine learning. Journal of Water and Soil Management and Modeling. 2024; 4(1): 151-170. doi: 10.22098/mmws.2023.12184.1208 [In Persian]
[5] Nouri M, Salmasi F. Predicting Seepage of Earth Dams using Artificial Intelligence Techniques. Irrigation Sciences and Engineering. 2019; 42(1): 83-97. doi: 10.22055/jise.2017.21384.1537
[6] Sani H, Roushangar K, Ghasempour R. Comparative study of the performance of finite element method and evolutionary model in seepage discharge predicting from the body of an earth dam. Civil Infrastructure Researches. 2019 Feb 20;4(2):1-15. doi: 10.22091/cer.2018.2349.1094 [In Persian]
[7] Mazaheri A, Alipour R, Shokri Derivand B. Study the monitoring and numerical analyses of rockfill dam; case study of Marvak dam in Lorestan, Iran. Civil Infrastructure Researches. 2020 Feb 20;5(2):153-64. doi: 10.22091/cer.2020.5223.1194 [In Persian]
[8] Koohdaragh M, Majedi Asl M, Omidpour Alavian T, Nobahari N, Iyami Lord M. Analysis of seepage flow and hydraulic gradient in the body and foundation of the Alavian earth dam. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 2024; 28(4): 177-191. doi: 10.47176/jwss.28.4.62811 [In Persian]
[9] Asadi E, Omidpour Alavian T, Soltani Sotobadi M. Numerical modeling and hydraulic analysis of the cutoff wall in earth fill dams. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. 2025; 19(4): 555-567. [In Persian]
[10] Asadi E, Omidpour Alavian T, Soltani M. Analysis of the impact of water height behind earth-fill dams on hydraulic gradient using numerical modeling. Iranian Journal of Modeling and Management in Civil Engineering (IJMT). 2025; 12(3): 54-64. doi: 10.22034/ijmt.2025.544739.1906 [In Persian]
[11] Asadi E, Omidpour Alavian T, Soltani Sotobadi M, Gol Mohammadi Y. Numerical analysis of the effect of drain dimensions on the hydraulic performance and stability of an earth dam: A case study of the Aydoghmoush Dam. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 2026; 56(122): 21-38. doi: 10.22034/ceej.2026.69776.2461 [In Persian]
[12] Asadi E, Omidpour Alavian T, Soltani Sotobadi M, Farshbaf Aghajani H, Azari Qaleh Kandi H. Numerical analysis of the permeability of the alluvial layer under earth-fill dams with different thicknesses. Iranian Journal of Water Engineering Research. 2023; 3(2): 19-31. doi: 10.22034/ijwer.2025.517280.1076 [In Persian]
[13] Asadi E, Soltani Sotobadi M, Omidpour Alavian T. Investigation of combined leakage control methods with simultaneous numerical analysis of the cutoff wall and clay blanket in earth-fill dams. Journal of Hydraulics and Water Structures. 2026; 33(4), 1-14. doi: 10.22034/hws.2025.66816.1023 [In Persian]
[14] Asadi E, Soltani Sotobadi M, Omidpour Alavian T, Farshbaf Aghajani H, Azari Qaleh Kandi H. Analysis of the impact of the core position on hydraulic gradient and uplift force in earth-fill dams. Iranian Journal of Water Engineering Research. 2023; 3(4): 1-14. doi: 10.22034/ijwer.2025.517198.1075 [In Persian]
[15] ASTM D5084-24. Standard test methods for measurement of hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter. 2024. doi: 10.1520/D5084-24
[16] ASTM D7181-20. Standard Test Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils. 2020. doi: 10.1520/D7181-20
[17] ASTM D3080/D3080M-23. Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils under Consolidated Drained Conditions. 2023. doi: 10.1520/D3080
[18] ASTM D2166/D2166M-24. Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil. 2024. doi: 10.1520/D2166_D2166M-24
[19] ASTM D7263-21. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Density and Unit Weight of Soil Specimens. 2021. doi: 10.1520/D7263-21
[20] EM 1110-2-1902. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Slope Stability, Engineer Manual. 2003.
[21] ICOLD. Internal erosion of existing dams, levees and dikes, and their foundations. Volume 1: Internal erosion processes and engineering assessment (Bulletin 164). International Commission on Large Dams. 2017.
[22] ICOLD. Dam surveillance guide (Bulletin 158). CRC Press. 2018. doi: 10.1201/9781351035781
[23] EM 1110-2-2300. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. General design and construction considerations for earth and rock-fill dams. 2004.
[24] Terzaghi K. Theoretical Soil Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons. 1943. doi: 10.1002/9780470172766
[25] ISO 5725-2. Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results -Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method. 2025. 
[26] Iran Water Resources Management Company. Hydrological and meteorological data of synoptic and rain gauge stations in West Azerbaijan Province. Iran Water Resources Data and Information Office. 2023. [In Persian]
[27] West Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority. Hydrological report and discharge data of Aras River Basin gauging stations. Deputy of Basic Studies and Water Resources Management. 2023. 
[28] Komasi M, Mohammadzadeh A, Beiranvand B. Optimization of horizontal drain dimensions in heterogeneous earth dams using Artificial Neural Network (ANN): A case study on Marvak dam. Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater. 2019; 6(2): 109-116.
[29] Khastoo Y, Ahmadi H, Hemmati M, Nourani B. Numerical study on the optimal location of drain in non-homogeneous earth dams with a clay blanket over permeable foundations. Water and Environmental Challenges. 2025; 1(2): 12-21. doi: 10.30466/jwec.2025.56676.1008
[30] Hassan WH, Atshan TT, Thiab RF. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam. Open Engineering. 2024;14(1):20240040. doi: 10.1515/eng-2024-0040
[31] Zhang Q, Liu M, Wang L. Digital twin modeling for deformation and seepage in earth dams. Structural Control and Health Monitoring. 2025; 32(2): e2956. doi: 10.1002/stc.2956
[32] Mostafa MM, Zhenzhong S. Effect of zones' dimensions and geometry on seepage through zoned earth dams. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science. 2023;70(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s44147-023-00223-7
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image
پژوهش های زیرساخت های عمرانی

مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده
انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 30 بهمن 1404

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار