Investigating the Impact Factor of Cable Stayed Bridges under the Passage of Moving Load at Different Speeds

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD candidate, Department of Structural Engineering., University of Qom, Qom, Iran.

2 Associate professor, Department of Structural Engineering., University of Qom, Qom, Iran.

Abstract

Due to developments in the field of fast transportation, increase in permitted speed and load capacity, moving loads can have significant effects on the dynamic forces of bridges. To consider the dynamic effect in the design of the structure, the dynamic impact factor is introduced as ratio of the dynamic response to the static response. Accurate evaluation of these coefficients helps in safe and economic designs for new bridges. However, the evaluation of the dynamic impact factor is difficult due to the vehicle-bridge interaction and the influence of many parameters that affect the dynamic impact factor, including the dynamic characteristics of the bridge and the vehicle, road surface conditions, vehicle speed, traffic conditions,. In this research, by applying live load of vehicles step by step and performing time history analysis, dynamic analysis under moving load has been done. Three different types of cable-stayed bridges with different spans and cable layouts have been investigated in the form of two-dimensional models. This study analyzes the impact coefficient of bending and shear forces of deck components and pylons, as well as the axial forces of cables, and the results are compared with the coefficients proposed in the design regulations. Also, the effect of changes in load passing speed on the dynamic impact factor in cable-stayed bridges has also been evaluated and studied. This research tries to improve and optimize the design and performance of cable-stayed bridges in order to deal with dynamic changes and increase the speed of loads.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Bruno, D., Greco, F., & Lonetti, P. (2008). Dynamic impact analysis of long span cable-stayed bridges under moving loads. Engineering structures, 30(4), 1160-1177. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.07.001
[2] Yang, Y. B. (2022). Research on Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Dynamics since 1990s. in IABSE Congress Nanjing 2022 - Bridges and Structures: Connection, Integration and Harmonisation, Report.
[3] Highway, A. A. O. S. & Officials, T. (2020). LRFD bridge design specifications. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
[4] Chao, Z., Hong, H., Kaiming, B., & Xueyuan, Y. (2020). Dynamic amplification factors for a system with multiple-degrees-of-freedom. Earthquake engineering and engineering vibration, 19, 363-375. doi: 10.1007/s11803-020-0567-9
[5] Yau, J. D., & Urushadze, S. (2024). Resonance reduction for linked train cars moving on multiple simply supported bridges. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 568, 117963. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2023.117963
[6] Gharad, A. M., & Sonparote, R. S. (2023). Study of dynamic impact factors of two-track continuous and integral railway bridge subjected to high-speed loads. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 23(3), 19-24. doi: 10.56748/ejse.234203
[7] Gharad, A. M., & Sonparote, R. S. (2021). Evaluation of vertical impact factor coefficients for continuous and integral railway bridges under high-speed moving loads. Earthquake engineering and engineering vibration, 20, 495-504. doi: 10.1007/s11803-021-2034-7
[8] Sheng, G. G., Han, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zhao, L. (2023). Control of nonlinear vibration of beams subjected to moving loads using tuned mass dampers. Acta Mechanica, 234(7), 3019-3036. doi: 10.1007/s00707-023-03544-z
[9] Dong, Y., Zhang, W., Shamsabadi, A., Shi, L., & Taciroglu, E. (2023). A Vehicle–Bridge Interaction Element: Implementation in ABAQUS and Verification. Applied Sciences, 13(15), 8812. doi: 10.3390/app13158812
[10] Safari Honar, F., Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh, E., Broujerdian, V., & Torabi, M. (2022). Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior of Three-Dimensional Moment Steel Frames and Dual System under Vehicle Impact. Civil Infrastructure Researches, 7(2), 21-31. doi: 10.22091/cer.2021.7270.1287 [In Persian]
[11] Frýba, L. (1999). Vibration of solids and structures under moving loads. Thomas Telford.
[12] Timoshenko, S. P., & Young, D. H. (1965). Theory of structures. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[13] Yang, Y. B., Liao, S. S., & Lin, B. H. (1995). Impact formulas for vehicles moving over simple and continuous beams. Journal of Structural Engineering, 121(11), 1644-1650. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1995)121:11(1644)
[14] Lei, X., & Noda, N. A. (2002). Analyses of dynamic response of vehicle and track coupling system with random irregularity of track vertical profile. Journal of sound and vibration, 258(1), 147-165. doi: 10.1006/jsvi.2002.5107
[15] Roeder, C. W., Barth, K. E., & Bergman, A. (2004). Effect of live-load deflections on steel bridge performance. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 9(3), 259-267. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2004)9:3(259)
[16] Warburton, G. B. (1976). The dynamical behaviour of structures: structures and solid body mechanics series. Elsevier.
[17] Wiriyachai, A., Chu, K. H., & Garg, V. K. (1982). Bridge impact due to wheel and track irregularities. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 108(4), 648-666. doi: 10.1061/JMCEA3.0002851
[18] Deng, L., Cai, C. S., & Barbato, M. (2011). Reliability-based dynamic load allowance for capacity rating of prestressed concrete girder bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 16(6), 872-880. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000178
[19] Ding, L., Hao, H., & Zhu, X. (2009). Evaluation of dynamic vehicle axle loads on bridges with different surface conditions. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 323(3-5), 826-848. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2009.01.051
[20] González, A., Cantero, D., & OBrien, E. J. (2011). Dynamic increment for shear force due to heavy vehicles crossing a highway bridge. Computers & structures, 89(23-24), 2261-2272. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.08.009
[21] Kim, C. W., Kawatani, M., & Kwon, Y. R. (2007). Impact coefficient of reinforced concrete slab on a steel girder bridge. Engineering Structures, 29(4), 576-590. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.05.021
[22] Cantieni, R. (1983). Dynamic load tests on highway bridges in Switzerland. Rep, 211.
[23] Li, H. (2005). Dynamic response of highway bridges subjected to heavy vehicles. The Florida State University.
[24] Huang, D. (2012). Vehicle-induced vibration of steel deck arch bridges and analytical methodology. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 17(2), 241-248. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000243
[25] Samaan, M., Kennedy, J. B., & Sennah, K. (2007). Impact factors for curved continuous composite multiple-box girder bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 12(1), 80-88. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2007)12:1(80)
[26] Schwarz, M., & Laman, J. A. (2001). Response of prestressed concrete I-girder bridges to live load. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 6(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2001)6:1(1)
[27] Wang, T. L., Huang, D., & Shahawy, M. (1992). Dynamic response of multigirder bridges. Journal of Structural Engineering, 118(8), 2222-2238. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:8(2222)
[28] Azimi, H., Galal, K., & Pekau, O. A. (2011). A modified numerical VBI element for vehicles with constant velocity including road irregularities. Engineering Structures, 33(7), 2212-2220. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.03.012
[29] Hag-Elsafi, O., Albers, W. F., & Alampalli, S. (2012). Dynamic analysis of the Bentley Creek Bridge with FRP deck. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 17(2), 318-333. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000244
[30] Paultre, P., Chaallal, O., & Proulx, J. (1992). Bridge dynamics and dynamic amplification factors—a review of analytical and experimental findings. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(2), 260-278. doi: 10.1139/l92-032
[31] Azimi, H., Galal, K., & Pekau, O. A. (2013). A numerical element for vehicle–bridge interaction analysis of vehicles experiencing sudden deceleration. Engineering Structures, 49, 792-805. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.031
[32] Chang, D., & Lee, H. (1994). Impact factors for simple-span highway girder bridges. Journal of Structural Engineering, 120(3), 704-715. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:3(704)
[33] González, A., OBrien, E. J., Cantero, D., Li, Y., Dowling, J., & Žnidarič, A. (2010). Critical speed for the dynamics of truck events on bridges with a smooth road surface. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 329(11), 2127-2146. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2010.01.002
[34] Yin, X., Fang, Z., Cai, C. S., & Deng, L. (2010). Non-stationary random vibration of bridges under vehicles with variable speed. Engineering Structures, 32(8), 2166-2174. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.03.019
[35] Ashebo, D. B., Chan, T. H., & Yu, L. (2007). Evaluation of dynamic loads on a skew box girder continuous bridge Part II: Parametric study and dynamic load factor. Engineering structures, 29(6), 1064-1073. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.07.013
[36] Moghimi, H., & Ronagh, H. R. (2008). Impact factors for a composite steel bridge using non-linear dynamic simulation. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 35(11), 1228-1243. doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.07.003
[37] Deng, L., & Cai, C. S. (2010). Development of dynamic impact factor for performance evaluation of existing multi-girder concrete bridges. Engineering Structures, 32(1), 21-31. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.08.013
[38] Kwasniewski, L., Wekezer, J., Roufa, G., Li, H., Ducher, J., & Malachowski, J. (2006). Experimental evaluation of dynamic effects for a selected highway bridge. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20(3), 253-260. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:3(253)
[39] Harris, N. K., OBrien, E. J., & González, A. (2007). Reduction of bridge dynamic amplification through adjustment of vehicle suspension damping. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 302(3), 471-485. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2006.11.020
[40] Szurgott, P., Wekezer, J., Kwasniewski, L., Siervogel, J., & Ansley, M. (2011). Experimental assessment of dynamic responses induced in concrete bridges by permit vehicles. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 16(1), 108-116. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000119
[41] Deng, L., Yu, Y., Zou, Q., & Cai, C. S. (2015). State-of-the-art review of dynamic impact factors of highway bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 20(5), 04014080. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000672
[42] Zhang, W. M., Chen, J., Tian, G. M., & Lu, X. F. (2023, July). Analytical algorithm for the full-bridge response of hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridges under a horizontal transverse live load. In Structures, 53, 132-148. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2023.04.048
[43] Park, J., Yoon, J., Park, C., & Lee, J. (2023). Studying the Cable Loss Effect on the Seismic Behavior of Cable-Stayed Bridge. Applied Sciences, 13(9), 5636. doi: 10.3390/app13095636
[44] Au, F. T. K., Wang, J. J., & Cheung, Y. K. (2001). Impact study of cable-stayed bridge under railway traffic using various models. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 240(3), 447-465. doi: 10.1006/jsvi.2000.3236
[45] Au, F. T. K., Wang, J. J., & Cheung, Y. K. (2002). Impact study of cable-stayed railway bridges with random rail irregularities. Engineering Structures, 24(5), 529-541. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00119-5
[46] Yang, F., & Fonder, G. A. (1998). Dynamic response of cable-stayed bridges under moving loads. Journal of engineering mechanics, 124(7), 741-747. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:7(741)
[47] Ji, Y., & Kim, Y. J. (2019). State-of-the-art review of bridges under rail transit loading. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings, 172(6), 451-466. doi: 10.1680/jstbu.18.00005
[48] Yau, J. D., & Yang, Y. B. (2004). Vibration reduction for cable-stayed bridges traveled by high-speed trains. Finite elements in analysis and design, 40(3), 341-359. doi: 10.1016/S0168-874X(03)00051-9
[49] Zhang, N., Xia, H., & Guo, W. (2008). Vehicle–bridge interaction analysis under high-speed trains. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 309(3-5), 407-425. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2007.07.064
[50] Mu, D., Gwon, S. G., & Choi, D. H. (2016). Dynamic responses of a cable-stayed bridge under a high speed train with random track irregularities and a vertical seismic load. International Journal of Steel Structures, 16, 1339-1354. doi: 10.1007/s13296-016-0104-x
[51] Zaman, M., Taheri, M. R., & Khanna, A. (1996). Dynamic response of cable-stayed bridges to moving vehicles using the structural impedance method. Applied mathematical modelling, 20(12), 877-889. doi: 10.1016/S0307-904X(96)00094-7
[52] Zhu, Z., Wang, L., Davidson, M. T., Harik, I. E., & Patil, A. (2019). Nonlinear dynamic analysis of long-span cable-stayed bridges with train–bridge and cable coupling. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering, 11, 271-283. doi: 10.1007/s40091-019-0229-1
[53] Zhang, H., & Xie, X. (2011). Dynamic responses of cable-stayed bridges to vehicular loading including the effects of the local vibration of cables. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, 12(8), 593-604. doi: 10.1631/jzus.A1000351
[54] Huang, D., Wang, T. L., & Shahawy, M. (1992). Impact analysis of continuous multigirder bridges due to moving vehicles. Journal of Structural Engineering, 118(12), 3427-3443. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:12(3427)
[55] Huang, D., & Wang, T. L. (1992). Impact analysis of cable-stayed bridges. Computers & Structures, 43(5), 897-908. doi: 10.1016/0045-7949(92)90304-I
[56] Calçada, R., Cunha, A., & Delgado, R. (2005). Analysis of traffic-induced vibrations in a cable-stayed bridge. Part I: Experimental assessment. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10(4), 370-385. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:4(370)
[57] Bridge Loading Regulations (Publication 139). Management and Planning Organization of Iran. [In Persian]
[58] Wu, J. S., Lee, M. L., & Lai, T. S. (1987). The dynamic analysis of a flat plate under a moving load by the finite element method. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 24(4), 743-762. doi: 10.1002/nme.1620240407
[59] Fathali, M. A., Dehghani, E., & Hoseini Vaez, S. R. (2020). An approach for adjusting the tensile force coefficient in equivalent static cable-loss analysis of the cable-stayed bridges. In Structures, 25, 720-729. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2020.03.054
[60] Wang, P. H., Tang, T. Y., & Zheng, H. N. (2004). Analysis of cable-stayed bridges during construction by cantilever methods. Computers & Structures, 82(4-5), 329-346. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2003.11.003
[61] Wilcox, R. R. (2011). Introduction to robust estimation and hypothesis testing. Academic press.
 
Send comment about this article
CAPTCHA Image
Civil Infrastructure Researches
Volume 9, Issue 2 - Serial Number 17
December 2023
Pages 163-179

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics